Understanding dementia
Dementia is not a single disease. It is a general term for a group of symptoms caused by disorders affecting the brain, leading to a progressive decline in memory, thinking, behaviour and the ability to carry out everyday activities. Although dementia primarily affects older people, it is not a normal part of ageing.
According to the Alzheimer's Society, there are approximately 982,000 people living with dementia in the United Kingdom today, a figure projected to rise to over 1.4 million by 2040. Dementia is one of the leading causes of death in the UK and one of the greatest health challenges facing our society.
Early diagnosis is important. It enables individuals and their families to plan ahead, access appropriate treatment and support, and make informed decisions about care. If you or someone you know is experiencing persistent problems with memory, language, orientation or changes in behaviour, seeking professional advice is a positive first step.
The main types of dementia
There are several types of dementia, each with distinct characteristics. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form, accounting for approximately 60% to 70% of all cases, and is characterised by the gradual build-up of proteins in the brain that lead to the progressive loss of connections between nerve cells.
Vascular dementia is the second most common type and is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, often following a stroke or a series of small strokes. Lewy body dementia involves abnormal protein deposits called Lewy bodies forming inside nerve cells, and can cause fluctuating alertness, visual hallucinations and movement difficulties similar to those seen in Parkinson's disease.
Frontotemporal dementia affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, often leading to changes in personality, behaviour and language. It tends to be diagnosed at a younger age than other forms of dementia. Mixed dementia, where more than one type is present at the same time, is also common, particularly in older adults.
